{"id":1489,"date":"2021-02-19T07:00:35","date_gmt":"2021-02-19T07:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/greenkeeperafrica.com\/fr\/?p=1489"},"modified":"2021-05-31T11:59:49","modified_gmt":"2021-05-31T11:59:49","slug":"marpol-73-78-et-les-ports-dafrique-de-louest-histoire-dun-mariage-difficile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/greenkeeperafrica.com\/fr\/marpol-73-78-et-les-ports-dafrique-de-louest-histoire-dun-mariage-difficile\/","title":{"rendered":"MARPOL 73\/78 et les ports d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest : histoire d\u2019un mariage difficile \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1489\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only  \" data-element-id=\"1489\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/greenkeeperafrica.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p><em>Si la pollution li\u00e9e aux activit\u00e9s portuaires a tr\u00e8s vite \u00e9t\u00e9 une priorit\u00e9 de l\u2019agenda de la gestion environnementale, les pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest peinent encore \u00e0 prendre ce train en marche. Entre manque de moyens et directives peu lisibles, la mise en \u0153uvre des dispositions de la convention MARPOL 73\/78 en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest est le r\u00e9cit d\u2019un mariage difficile.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>MARPOL 73\/78<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Derri\u00e8re le terme MARPOL 73\/78, se cache une convention internationale traitant de la pr\u00e9vention de la pollution du milieu marin, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Organisation Maritime Internationale (OMI) en 1973. Entre 1976 et 1977, des accidents impliquant des navires-citernes ont contraint les acteurs \u00e0 mettre en place un protocole en 1978. Ce protocole de 1978 a \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9 \u00e0 la convention de 1973 qui n\u2019\u00e9tait pas encore entr\u00e9e en vigueur. Ainsi est n\u00e9 MARPOL 73\/78.<\/p>\n<p>Cet outil qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 amend\u00e9 au fil des ans comporte six annexes techniques. Ainsi, l\u2019annexe I traite de la pr\u00e9vention de la pollution par les hydrocarbures tandis que l\u2019annexe II <em>\u201cpr\u00e9cise les crit\u00e8res applicables aux rejets et d\u00e9crit les mesures de pr\u00e9vention de la pollution par des substances liquides nocives transport\u00e9<\/em><em>es en vrac<\/em><em>.\u201d<\/em> indique l\u2019OMI. L\u2019annexe III \u00e9tablit les r\u00e8gles de pr\u00e9vention de la pollution par les substances nuisibles transport\u00e9es par mer. L\u2019annexe IV quant \u00e0 elle, vise la pr\u00e9vention de la pollution par les eaux us\u00e9es des navires. L\u2019annexe V cible les ordures produites par les navires et l\u2019annexe VI r\u00e9gule la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique issue de l\u2019activit\u00e9 des navires.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les impacts de MARPOL 73\/78 sur les ports ouest-africains<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pour les diff\u00e9rentes parties prenantes des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques li\u00e9es \u00e0 la mer, MARPOL 73\/78 offre un ensemble de mesures destin\u00e9es \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la pollution. Aussi, sans surprise, toutes les nations ouest-africaines ont ratifi\u00e9 ce texte. Afin de maintenir leur comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9, les ports de la r\u00e9gion s\u2019efforcent de s\u2019y conformer au moins, \u00e0 minima. N\u00e9anmoins, ces ports sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 un faisceau de difficult\u00e9s qui compliquent la mise en \u0153uvre des dispositions port\u00e9es par la convention MARPOL 73\/78. En effet, celle-ci dispose par exemple que : \u00ab\u00a0<span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>les ports doivent mettre \u00e0 la disposition des navires des facilit\u00e9<\/em><\/span><em>s<span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"> de r\u00e9ception (PRF) afin de traiter les d\u00e9chets qu<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>\u2019<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>ils produisent<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>. Or, \u00e0 ce jour, peu de ports ouest-africains offrent ces facilit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Les ports doivent \u00e9galement se doter de directives claires pour la gestion des eaux de ballast issues de l\u2019activit\u00e9 des navires. Par ailleurs, les ports doivent avoir des mesures destin\u00e9es \u00e0 faire face \u00e0 des cas de pollution par les hydrocarbures. H\u00e9las, la marge de progression reste importante.<\/p>\n<p><em>Bien que certains ports disposent de politiques environnementales et de directives claires, ils manquent de comp\u00e9tences, de technologies, de ressources humaines et financi\u00e8res ad\u00e9quates pour impl\u00e9menter les mesures conformes aux standards internationaux. Beaucoup de ports de la r\u00e9gion ont ratifi\u00e9 les conventions maritimes internationales mais manquent de capacit\u00e9 pour cr\u00e9er le cadre l\u00e9gislatif ad\u00e9quat \u00e0 leur mise en \u0153uvre optimale.\u201d<\/em> estime Harry Barnes-Dabban<sup>1<\/sup>, responsable de la gestion de l\u2019environnement aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 portuaire du Ghana (GPHA).<\/p>\n<p>Loin d\u2019\u00eatre limit\u00e9 \u00e0 de simples consid\u00e9rations techniques, ces difficult\u00e9s ont parfois des cons\u00e9quences dramatiques sur les populations africaines. Ainsi, l\u2019opinion internationale reste encore marqu\u00e9e par le drame du Probo Koala. Le d\u00e9versement de d\u00e9chets toxiques \u00e0 Abidjan en 2006 par ce bateau battant pavillon panam\u00e9en qui avait d\u2019abord \u00e9t\u00e9 refoul\u00e9 du port d\u2019Amsterdam, traduit bien les difficult\u00e9s auxquelles sont confront\u00e9s les ports africains. Une mise en application stricte de la convention MARPOL 73\/78 aurait emp\u00each\u00e9 le d\u00e9versement des d\u00e9chets toxiques du Probo Koala sur les d\u00e9charges d\u2019Abidjan et la mort de 17 personnes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Perspectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>En d\u00e9pit des d\u00e9fis, la situation n\u2019est cependant pas d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e. L\u2019impl\u00e9mentation vigoureuse d\u2019un ensemble de mesures innovantes pourrait permettre aux pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la gestion de leurs d\u00e9chets issus des activit\u00e9s portuaires. Ainsi, Fabrice Metonwaho<sup>2<\/sup> sugg\u00e8re la mise en place d\u2019un mod\u00e8le bas\u00e9 sur celui de Singapour qui commence par la mise en place d\u2019une tarification juste des d\u00e9chets, la maximisation du recyclage de ces d\u00e9chets par la construction d\u2019infrastructures adapt\u00e9es, la conversion d\u2019une partie de ces d\u00e9chets en \u00e9nergie et enfin, en cas de stricte n\u00e9cessit\u00e9, l\u2019enfouissement. Ces actions doivent aller de pair avec un cadre r\u00e9glementaire r\u00e9vis\u00e9, offrant de la clart\u00e9 et permettant au secteur priv\u00e9 de s\u2019impliquer efficacement dans la gestion de ces d\u00e9chets.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenport.com\/news101\/africa\/west-and-central-african-ports-address-the-need-for-environmental-management\">https:\/\/www.greenport.com\/news101\/africa\/west-and-central-african-ports-address-the-need-for-environmental-management<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wmu.se\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1612&#038;context=all_dissertations\">https:\/\/commons.wmu.se\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1612&#038;context=all_dissertations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Si la pollution li\u00e9e aux activit\u00e9s portuaires a tr\u00e8s vite \u00e9t\u00e9 une priorit\u00e9 de l\u2019agenda de la gestion environnementale, les pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest peinent encore \u00e0 prendre ce train en marche. Entre manque de moyens et directives peu lisibles, la mise en \u0153uvre des dispositions de la convention MARPOL 73\/78 en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[14],"class_list":["post-1489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-favoris"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>MARPOL 73\/78 et les ports d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest : histoire d\u2019un mariage difficile \u00a0 - Green Keeper Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/greenkeeperafrica.com\/fr\/marpol-73-78-et-les-ports-dafrique-de-louest-histoire-dun-mariage-difficile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MARPOL 73\/78 et les ports d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest : histoire d\u2019un mariage difficile \u00a0\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Si la pollution li\u00e9e aux activit\u00e9s portuaires a tr\u00e8s vite \u00e9t\u00e9 une priorit\u00e9 de l\u2019agenda de la gestion environnementale, les pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest peinent encore \u00e0 prendre ce train en marche. 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